1
تاریخ::
ایدئولوژی توسعه طلبانه
These changes include a territo- rial integrity norm that forbids altering national boundaries by force; increased sovereignty and nationalistic aspirations; the asymmetric ca- pabilities of weaker states; the availability of weapons that allow deter- rence and defense rather than offense; and the absence of a territorially expansionist ideology among the contemporary great powers.
Whether intense balance-of-power com- petition returns or states continue to use soft balancing or mixed strate- gies will depend on the threat environment, the dominance of offensive over defensive and deterrent weapons, the presence or absence of intense nationalist and expansionist ideologies, the existence or absence of norms against territorial expansion, and whether territorial expansion once again becomes necessary for maintaining or acquiring great-power sta- tus.
Finally, the absence of expansionist ideologies such as Fascism, Na- zism, and Marxism-Leninism offers some comfort that rising powers may not succumb, as their earlier counterparts did, to the temptation to become highly revisionist.60 Expansionist ideologies generate uncertainty for nonadherents and neighboring states, both of which may become tar- gets of predation.
Weapons technologies such as the Maxim machine gun favored of- fense over defense, great powers embraced an expansionist ideology in the form of imperialism, and norms of territorial integrity and interna- tional institutions were both absent.
The absence of a territorial integrity norm, the presence of an expansionist ideology, military capacity for offensive operations, and the weak legitimacy of institutions in the eyes of Italian leadership all limited soft balancing's effectiveness.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران